Monthly Archives: May 2019

Simple respiratory tests can be used to measure lung volumes and flows, during inspiratory and forced expiratory manoeuvres. These are valuable in the detection of mechanical abnormalities associated with respiratory disorders. The Peak Expiratory Flow Rate can indicate the presence of airflow obstruction, which may be seen in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary […]

Preparing medications for parenteral administration involves preparing medications for administration intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously. In this film, we will look specifically at the preparation of an antibiotic for intravenous administration. The general principles of aseptic preparation and drawing up will be applicable to the preparation of intramuscular and subcutaneous medications; although the drugs, diluent and […]

Supplementary oxygen therapy is a treatment for hypoxemia, otherwise known as low oxygen levels in the blood. Oxygen is commonly used in the hospital, and also can be used by patients for long-term therapy at home. Oxygen should be considered as a drug, and therefore requires a formal prescription. It can be dangerous if administered […]

Transcutaneous monitoring of oxygen saturations is carried out using a device called a pulse oximeter. It is a simple, non-invasive test that can be used to estimate the amount of oxygenated haemoglobin in the blood. This monitoring can take place continuously, or on an intermittent basis. A probe is placed on a finger, toe, or […]

Malnutrition occurs when a person’s diet does not contain the right balance of nutrients. A deficiency in nutrients may have detrimental effects on health, putting a patient at higher risk of developing disease; or delaying recovery from disease. The term malnutrition is generally used to refer to under-nourishment. It is also possible to eat a […]

A nebuliser is a device used for the administration of medication in the form of an aerosol for inhalation. Oxygen, or compressed air, is used to convert medication in the form of a liquid, to an aerosol which is inhaled via a mask or mouthpiece. This allows medications, such as broncho-dilators and steroids, to be […]

The pulse rate is a peripheral measure of the heart rate. It can be measured using manual techniques or automatic electronic devices. The pulse rate is a simple measurement that clinicians use, along with other observations, to assess patients’ physiological status. Serial measurements are useful in monitoring patients, and identifying changes in a patient’s condition. […]

Blood pressure is the force exerted by the flow of blood against the walls of the blood vessels. It varies with the strength of the heartbeat, the elasticity of the arterial walls, the volume and viscosity of the blood. Blood pressure is affected by a person’s health, age, and physical condition. It is frequently used […]

A urethral catheter is a flexible plastic or latex tube which is inserted into the bladder via the urethra to drain urine, or instil medications into the bladder. When selecting the type of catheter, do so considering the reason for insertion, and the intended duration required. The aim to use the smallest size which will […]

Local anaesthetic drugs can be used to perform a reversible blockade of motor and sensory nerves. Local anaesthetic drugs act by temporarily blocking sodium channels in excitable tissues such as nerves and muscle. This prevents the influx of sodium across the cell membrane, leading to an inhibition of action potential propagation along axons of nerves. […]