{"id":637,"date":"2020-02-18T14:18:05","date_gmt":"2020-02-18T14:18:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/app.rguc.co.uk\/?p=637"},"modified":"2024-11-18T07:53:43","modified_gmt":"2024-11-18T07:53:43","slug":"breast-axilla","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vapp.rguc.co.uk\/?p=637","title":{"rendered":"Breast | Axilla and Lymphatic Drainage"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[44],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-637","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-innovative-anatomy","entry"],"youtubeVideo":"435673571\/8adce87c55","question1":"75% of lymphatic drainage from the breast passes to the internal thoracic lymph nodes.","answers1":"True | False","correctAnswer1":"1","correctAnswerText1":"Approximately 75% of lymphatic drainage of the breast passes to the ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes.","question2":"The anterior boundary of the axilla is formed by the pectoralis minor and serratus anterior muscle.","answers2":"True | False","correctAnswer2":"1","correctAnswerText2":"The axilla is a name given to the area underneath the glenohumeral joint at the junction of the upper limb and the thorax. \r\n\r\nIt functions as a passageway for neurovascular and muscular structures. \r\n\r\nThe boundaries of the axilla are as follows: Medial: chest wall and serratus anterior, Lateral: intertuercular groove of the humerus, Anterior: pectoralis major and pectorais minor, posterior: subscaupularis, teres major and latisma dorsi; and the overlying fascia is the clavipectoral fascia. \r\n\r\n","question3":"Where the anterior and posterior walls of the axilla meet, the lateral wall is formed. This occurs at the very narrow humeral intertubercular groove.","answers3":"True | False","correctAnswerText3":"The lateral wall is formed by intertubercular groove of the humerus.","correctAnswer3":"0","question4":"The pectoralis major muscle is an important landmark for both division of the axillary artery into its 3 parts, and for division of axillary lymph nodes into clinically recognised levels.","answers4":"True | False","correctAnswer4":"1","correctAnswerText4":"Pectoralis minor is the important landmark here. The pectoralis minor is an important landmark, it divides the axillary artery into three parts \u2013 the first part is superior to the pectoralis minor, the second part in posterior and the third part is inferior ","question5":"The intercostobrachial nerve perforates the upper anterior part of the medial wall before crossing the axilla to its lateral wall. Damage to this nerve during axillary dissection can result in a characteristic winging of the scapula.","answers5":"True | False","correctAnswer5":"1","correctAnswerText5":"Damage to the long thoracic nerve can lead to winging of the scapula. Damage to the intercostobrachial nerve may lead to numbness or altered sensation on the medial aspect of the arm.","question6":"Apical axillary nodes draining the left breast usually drain directly into the thoracic duct.","answers6":"True | False","correctAnswer6":"0","correctAnswerText6":"Apical axillary nodes also known as the subclavicular group contain 8-12 nodes. These receive drainage from all other levels of axillary nodes, this drain into the subclavian trunk which flows into the thoracic duct on the left and right lymphatic trunk.","question7":"Regarding lymphatic drainage of the breast, which of the following statements is not a well recognised site of lymphatic dissemination of breast cancer?","answers7":"Inguinal lymph nodes | Cervical chain | Retroperitoneal lymphatics","correctAnswer7":"2","correctAnswerText7":"Peritoneal spread can result from retrograde spread from lower internal thoracic nodes.","question8":"The sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node that drains a specifically defined region. In the case of the breast, the sentinel lymph node is usually described as a level 1 node.","answers8":"True | False","correctAnswer8":"0","correctAnswerText8":"","question9":"The brachial plexus forms from the posterior primary rami of the 5 nerve roots C5,C6,C7,C8 and T1.","answers9":"True | False","correctAnswer9":"1","correctAnswerText9":"It forms from the anterior primary rami of these nerve roots. The posterior rami supply the paravertebral muscles.","question10":"Stretching the upper part of the brachial plexus may result in a permanent palsy, known as an Erb\u2019s Palsy, whereby the individual holds their arm in an adducted, internally rotated position with an extended elbow and pronated forearm.","answers10":"True | False","correctAnswer10":"0","correctAnswerText10":"Injury to the C5 and C6 nerve roots also results in a loss of sensation in the affected dermatomes. Erb's palsy is a paralysis of the arm caused by injury to the upper group of the arm's main nerves, specifically the severing of the upper trunk C5\u2013C6 nerves.  Injury to the C5 and C6 nerve root also results in a loss of sensation in the affected dermatome. ","question11":"","answers11":"","correctAnswer11":"","correctAnswerText11":"","question12":"","answers12":"","correctAnswer12":"","correctAnswerText12":"","question13":"","answers13":"","correctAnswer13":"","correctAnswerText13":"","question14":"","answers14":"","correctAnswer14":"","correctAnswerText14":"","question15":"","answers15":"","correctAnswer15":"","correctAnswerText15":"","icon":"chest","parentId":"","recapId":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vapp.rguc.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/637"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vapp.rguc.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vapp.rguc.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vapp.rguc.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vapp.rguc.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=637"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/vapp.rguc.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/637\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":743,"href":"https:\/\/vapp.rguc.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/637\/revisions\/743"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vapp.rguc.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=637"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vapp.rguc.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=637"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vapp.rguc.co.uk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=637"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}